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Comments on the Spring Festival. [] Reprints
Reprinted From: http://chairmanmaozedong.org
(13 February 1964)
SOURCE: Live Mao Tse-tung Thought, a publication of the Red Guards.
(Summary)
PRESIDENT target = "_blank" title = "Mao Zedong"> MAO: Today is the Spring Festival, and we are in a forum to discuss both foreign and domestic problems ... Do you think that our state's chances of getting or not? Imperialism and revisionism, in concert, have beaten up our borders, do [that] democratic figures fear the atom bomb? If the atomic bomb should explode, we just meet again in Yenan. The set Shen-Kan-Ning Border Area had a population of 1.5 million, and the city of Yenan had 30,000. People can not respond publicly unless attacked first. There was a time when The Kuomintang was smarter than usual, and we do not publicly denounce. They released a document using the method of restriction "exotic" parts, to restrict the Communist Party. Do you know that?
Chang Shih-chao: I do not know it.
CHAIRMAN MAO: You are not very well informed. In January 1941, the Kuomintang launched the South Anhui Incident, which lost more than 17,000 men. After this, they staged several high tides more anti-communist and therefore taught [our] party a lesson. Chiang Kai-shek is not good, every time I had an opportunity that we tried to regiment. After the final anti-Japanese war, Chiang spoke of peace, and invited me to go to Chungking for negotiations, but also gave orders overlap. During the negotiations, led a campaign against our party and destroyed the three divisions of Kao Shu-Hsun ..
XXX: Kao has already joined the party. People can change.
K'ang SHENG: Emperor Hsuan T'ung has come to present their New Year's greetings (in the Political Consultative Conference).
CHAIRMAN MAO: We must unite very While the Emperor Hsuan T'ung. Both Hsuan T'ung Kuang Hsu and used to be our leaders. Hsuan T'ung monthly salary of a little over a hundred yuan is too small - this man is an emperor.
Chang Shih-chao: Uncle Hsuan Tung, Tsai-T'ao, [8] is in a miserable situation.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Tsai-t'ao This man is a senior military official. He was a student in France. I know him, though not intimately. Would it helps you through you, so you can eat a little better? After all, he is our guest. We need to improve their standard of living.
It's no fun be a dog run. Nehru is in poor condition, imperialism and revisionism has been robbed blind. The review is being tossed around. It was rejected in Romania is not heard in Poland. In Cuba listen to half and half rejected, but listen to half because they can not do anything because they do not produce oil or weapons. Imperialism is having a hard time, too. Japan opposes the United States, and that not only the Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese people who oppose the United States - the big capitalists are doing the same. Not long ago, the iron works Kita-rejected an American inspection. De Gaulle's opposition to States United is also a response to the demands of the capitalists. They are also behind the establishment of diplomatic relations with China. China opposes States United had earlier in Beijing Shen Chung [9], the entire country opposed U.S. imperialism. The revisionists Khrushchevite abuse us as dogmatic pseudo-revolutionaries - that really curse. Recently, a letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union the Communist Party Central Committee China, made four points: (1) The end of the polemic, (2) The return of the experts [Soviet] [to China], (3) Discussions on the Sino-Soviet border, (4) The expansion of trade. We have conversations about the border starting on 25 February. We can make a small business, but we can not do too much for Soviet products are heavy, raw, high-price, and always keep something in return.
K'ang SHENG: The quality is inferior.
PRESIDENT MAO: They are the first crude, second least expensive, lower third, and fourth to keep something back, so it's not so good to deal with them as with the French bourgeoisie, which still have some notion of business ethics.
In past mistakes have occurred in our work. The first was issuing orders blindly, the second was too requisition, which have been corrected. Now we have moved to the opposite extreme, we have gone from blind to any issue commands command, and as a result we are doing everything possible. So we should emulate the Army of Liberation, we must emulate Tach'ing the Petroleum Ministry. [10] Tach'ing oil fields that have invested more than - and in the space of three years they have accumulated an oil field production - tonnes and a processing plant - tonnes of oil. The investment has been small, time was short, the successes have been great, and the many writings on this subject is worth is worth a look a. All ministries should learn from the oil ministry, learn from the Liberation Army, and get a good experience to be an combat brigade in relation to the enemy, and a brigade of work in relation to ourselves. College students also must learn from the Liberation Army. They should make full use of their successes, establish models for emulation, praise them a lot, and at the same time criticizing the errors. Praise should be paramount, and Criticism should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause, not many good people, and many good models, which should be praised.
Last year in Hopei were no major natural disasters. In the south there was a drought; originally harvest was good, but heavy rain was causing the loss of 20,000 million chin [approximately 12 million metric tons] of grain, but the total production last year increased by over 10,000 million of the chin, and this year we want to do even better. Today we are learning from the Liberation Army, we are learning from the Ministry of Oil, we are learning from the models in cities, villages, factories and schools, we are overcoming the errors in our work, and trying to make our job a little better this year.
In this site today, we discussed international issues, but our primary concern is internal problems. If we do not deal effectively with our internal problems, there is no good talking about international affairs. Currently, there are some countries that want to establish relations with our country like the Congo. Lumumba's Congo launched a guerrilla war, but do not have modern weapons at all - is only a matter Kuan Kung Black Dragon Sword Crescent, and the spear eighteen feet Chang Fei [11].
XXX: There are also arrows Huang Chung.
CHAIRMAN MAO: No more than weapons of Kuan, Chang Chao, Ma and Huang - who do not have modern weapons. In the past, we had no no. After the Nanchang Uprising [12], we lost two divisions, then Chu, Chen I, Lin Piao and took the remains to the Chingkangshan. I do not I know how to fight. In 1918 I worked in the library of Beijing University, was paid eight dollars a month, and went on without worrying about clothes, food or accommodation. Chang Shih-chao, would not be an officer of Yuan Shi-kai [13], so let him be President of Peking University, went to Peking University to run a newspaper. Old Huang [14], are you a Constitutionalist?
HUANG YEN-P'ei: I am a revolutionary, not a constitutionalist, I participated T'ung Meng Hui in [15].
Chang Shih-chao: It's a revolutionary.
Chairman Mao: Old Chen [16] belonging to the clique Research, Chang Shih-chao in the Second Revolution [17], and in 1925 he was a minister. Now all of you are going with us, participating in Building socialist new China. When I say we hope to do our job a little better this year, this is only the hope of the Central Committee, also is their hope. Hsu Te-heng, was in charge of a ministry of industry? [18]
XXX: There is great hope for his ministry.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Old Huang, his family seems to include all possible party factions - the Democratic League, the Association for the Promotion of Democracy, [19], the Communist Youth League. The poem of his son Huang Wan-II, entitled "A salute to Husband," is very well written. I admire him. There is a member of the September Third Society who also writes good poems. I admire him too. You do not know your children ten and peak very well, you're like Kuo Tzu-i [20].
All ministries should learn from the Army Liberation, created a department policy, and strengthen their political work. Achievement should be encouraged, workers created a model for emulation, the much praised, and at the same time criticizing the errors. Praise should be paramount, and criticism should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause there are many good people and good things, there are many good models that are to be praised.
Today I want to talk to you about the problem of education. Progress was made in the industry, and I think it should have the same changes in education also. The present state of things is not enough. In my opinion, online and] guidance [Chen Fang-on education are correct, but the methods are incorrect and should be changed. Here are comrades of the Central Committee, colleagues from within the party, colleagues outside the party, fellow of the Academy of Sciences. XXX Comrade now give a lecture.
XXX: Currently, an urgent problem in the field of education is the system education, ie the fact that the prescribed duration of studies is excessive. Today, children start school at age seven and spending six years primary school, six years in middle school, and in some cases six years in college, usually five, so that all the seventeen or eighteen. It graduate from college only to the age of twenty or twenty-five years, then engaged in workmanship for one year and then go through another period of a year of training in the workplace, so that eventually come out [of] the process when they are twenty-six or twenty-seven. They are two or three years longer than that is needed in the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, elementary and middle school for ten years, and the university for four or five, so the twenty-three years or twenty-four occupy a seat and start working. In the study of the humanities, there is not much growing problem on the students too old. In the case natural sciences manifestly [stay in school] for long. This is particularly true of the science of atomic energy, with more science advanced students are too old when they graduate. Based on the experience of all countries in the world, it is possible to make a contribution to the natural sciences by the time you reach the age of twenty or twenty-five years. For example, in the United States and the Soviet Union, who have attained some achievements to its credit in the natural sciences in the field of atomic energy, are usually twenty-four or twenty-five years. At that age, the brain function more effectively, but at that age students are still in college, and have not accepted a job and started work. They begin to work only twenty-six or twenty-seven, it is not advantageous to the development of science. The duration of the course prescribed is extremely large, which reflect on the mast educational system! on.
CHAIRMAN MAO: The enrollment period should be reduced a little.
XXX: XX Comrade recently had an idea: there should be five years of school primary and middle school four years and graduate students from middle school at sixteen. If there were six years of primary school, who graduated middle school at seventeen. The problem is that higher education facilities are inadequate; each year, universities take only 120,000 or 130,000 students, or 150,000 abroad. The other could begin work at age sixteen. They could receive two years of vocational training after graduating from middle school, and then at eighteen could go to work in factories or villages, in this way, it would be more in [touch with reality]. Or they could attend two years of preparatory courses, establishing links with the university, and begin work within twenty-four or twenty-five years. In a word, studies should be reduced a little. Currently, the Central Committee has created a small group [] Hsiao-tsu under the leadership of Comrade XX, especially to study the issue the education system.
If we adopt this suggestion for improving our national education, students can graduate in general, fifteen or sixteen. There are, however, a problem - that of military service. Would be too young for this, but may receive previous training.
CHAIRMAN MAO: That's not importantly, who are not old enough for military service may also experience military life. Not only male students, but students can also women undergo military service. We can form a Red Detachment of Women. The girls of sixteen or seventeen years may also experience six months to a year of military life, and the seventeen years that can also serve as soldiers.
XXX: So, the problem with schools teaching literary themes not is so great. The trouble with science and engineering faculties are somewhat higher. Universities have courses of one or two years, after graduating from middle school, students can go to college preparatory courses or enter a vocational school, and after two years of training can go to work in a factory or in the countryside at eighteen, so it will be relatively [contact with reality]. If you specialize in engineering, also will be relatively in touch, when they graduate in twenty or twenty-four can take a seat and start working.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Today Too much studying going on, and this is extremely harmful. There are currently too many topics, and the load is too heavy, puts middle school and college students in a constant state of tension. The cases of myopia primacy and constantly multiplying among high school students. This will not be allowed to go on unchanged.
XXX: The topics covered by the curriculum are too numerous and complicated. Many former teachers have remained at their posts. Students are not able to bear it, but which are extremely tense and have no extra-curricular activities, and no time for extracurricular reading.
CHAIRMAN MAO: The syllabus should be chopped by half. Students must have time for recreation, swimming, playing ball, and read freely outside their course work. Confucius professed only six arts - Ritual, music, archery, driving cars, poetry and history - but produced four sages: Yen Hui, Tseng-tzu, Lu Tzu and Mencius. It will not do for students only to read books all day, and not to go in cultural activities, physical education and swimming, not to be able to run, or to read things outside their courses, etc.
XXX: The students are extremely tense. When I'm home the children say, what is the time to get the best grades in everything?
CHAIRMAN MAO: Throughout history, very few of those who came first in the imperial examination have achieved great fame. The famous Tang dynasty poet Li Po and Tu Fu were neither nor chin-shih-lin. [21] Han Yu and Liu Tsungyilan [22] were only chin-shih of the second row. Wang Shih-fu, Kuan Han-ch'ing, [23] The Kuan-chung, [24] Pu Sung-ling, Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in had neither the chin-shih or lin-Han. Pu Sung-ling was Ts'ai Hsiu-who received the promotion, I wanted to reach the next higher level, but it was a Chu-jen [25]. None of those who became or chin-shih-lin Han had success. Only two of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty was well, Tai-tsu and Ch'eng-tsu. One of them was illiterate, and only knew the other characters. Afterwards, however, in the Chia-ch'ing reign, when the intellectuals had the power, things were in disrepair, the country was in disorder. [26] Han Wu Ti and Li Hou-chu [27] were cultured highly, and ruined the country. Clearly it is dangerous to read too many books. Hsui Liu was an academic, while Liu Pang was a country bumpkin [28].
XXX: There is too much in the curriculum, and there are too many exercises to deliver, students can not reflect independently. The current screening method ....
CHAIRMAN MAO: Our current method of conducting examinations is a method to deal with the enemy, not a method for dealing with people. It is a method surprise attack, making oblique or strange questions. This is still the same method as the old eight-legged essay. I do not agree to this. Should be changed completely. I support the publication of the questions in advance and let the students study them and respond with the help of books. For example, if you set a twenty questions about the dream of Red Chamber, and some students of the answer half of them and respond well, and some of the answers are very good and contain creative ideas, then one can give 100 percent. If some other students to answer all twenty questions and answer them correctly, but the response of simply reciting them of his books and lectures, without any creative ideas, they should give 50 or 60 percent. The reviews whispering in the ears of others and having other sites should be allowed. If your answer is good and you copy it, then mine must be counted as good. Whispers in the ears of others and taking exams in the names other people that used to be secret. Now be done openly. If I can not do something and write down the answer, then copy all this is correct. Let give it a try. We have to do things in a living, not in a lifeless fashion. There are teachers who wander and when conference, but they must allow their students to stay asleep. If your reading is not good, why do others insist on listening? Instead of having their eyes open and listen to boring lectures, it is better to sleep a bit refreshing. You do not have to listen to the nonsense, you can rest your brain instead.
XXX: If you shorten the period of schooling, there will be time for exercise of the workforce, or military service. We can also consider outstanding students skip a grade, you do not keep them forever in the same place. In the same grade as my son is a classmate who was originally a star student, then skipped a grade, and still is an outstanding student. Thus, see that it is possible to skip grades. Ask Comrade XX to organize a small group to carry out a thorough study of this problem the school system.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Let XX and XXX participate in this small group. At present we are doing things in a way too lifeless. There is too much in the curriculum and examinations are conducted them too rigidly. I can not approve this. The current method of educating young talents ruins and rubble. I do not approve of reading many books. The method of examination is a method to deal with the enemy, it is very harmful, and should be stopped.
XXX: Currently, the head of the Department of Education has just call a meeting, where two issues are being considered: one is that the students' burden is too heavy, and no duties on all issues: Second, there are three education systems, those of Confucius, the Soviets, and Dewey.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Confucius was not really so. We have ignored the current Main Confucianism. He had only six topics: ritual, music, archery, driving cars, "shu" and mathematics. (President Mao asked if XXX "shu" meant the writing or story.) [29]
XXX: This is the handwriting.
CHAIRMAN MAO: The It's the story. As in the Han Shu or Shu Ching [30].
XXX: Currently, high school students continue their studies take as their sole objective. After graduation, they are not willing to make in labor, which is a big question, and we must solve. We need to implement the union of education and productive work and in addition we also have to walk on two legs. [31] Last year there were floods in Hopei, and the Department of Education was under great tension. Many buildings collapsed and had to create schools the best they could. As a result, the number of primary and middle school students increased.
CHAIRMAN MAO: The flood wrapped dogmatism. We must get rid of dogmas, both foreign and domestic.
XXX: Other places have done a regularization and introduced the teaching of all in a class, and not separately by subject. The number of students has decreased and the number of poor and lower-middle peasants has declined, farmers poor and lower-middle many do not continue their studies. In the province of Hopei have some good experience. In Hsin-hui hsien in Kwangtung province, who have carried out ten-plus middle school and high school agricultural normal. In an ordinary middle school, the state spends 120 yuan a year per student, while on a farm middle school to spend only 6.80 yuan a year per student. There is no problem at all on an agricultural school graduates to fill half a job, while if a graduate of a normal middle school does not succeed in entrance examinations to college, there is great difficulty about placing him in employment. Therefore, primary and secondary schools must all walk on two legs. At the same time, we must pay attention to improving quality. Previously, everything was done according to Soviet methods, but in 1958 was a blow to this, and provides more than manpower, but the study itself is neglected, but now that things have been altered more than okay. The same applies to literature and art, the level is relatively high now, but if there had been 1958, we would not have achieved our current levels [32].
CHAIRMAN MAO: We must bring the actors, poets, playwrights and writers of the cities, and pack them all off the field. They should all batches periodically go to the villages and factories. We must not let the writers stay in government offices, never get anything written, if not go to below. He who does not receive low and only when dinner will be powered down.
XXX: Currently, there is a little over two percent from the bad elements teachers of primary and secondary, and there is notoriously bad elements among the students of secondary and primary.
CHAIRMAN MAO: It does not matter, can change work.
XXX: Actually, the worst students go to regular school, good students go to engineering. Since then, we might think not to take graduates of senior middle school in the normal school directly or faculties, but accepting only high school graduates who participated in the work for a year or two. Students of natural sciences must also decrease. They have some experience in XX School in Harbin, they send teachers for a year or two. Those who were not good are all pretty good when returning from the original work, they become part of the core.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Get off. Currently, there are some people who do not attach much importance to going to work in the field. In the Ming Dynasty, Li [Shih-chen 33] was around, and climbed the mountains to gather herbs. [Tsu Chung-chih 34] never went to middle school or college. Confucius was a poor peasant family, grazing sheep, and never attended high school or college either. He was a musician, he did all sorts of things. When someone had a death in the family, would be invited to play at the funeral. You may also have been an accountant. He could play the ch'in [35] and driving a car, riding and shooting with bow and arrow. "Yu" means driving a car, is like being the driver of a car. Produced seventy-two wise, like Yen Hui and Tseng-tzu, and had 3,000 followers. In his youth, he came from the masses, and understand some of the suffering of masses. He later became an official in the state of Lu, although not a high official. Lu's population was more than a million, and for a long time people I looked. When I turned around to different countries, people cursed him. This person liked to talk frankly, and said he had not experienced poverty, and could not endure insults. Later, Lu Tzu Confucius served as bodyguard, and not allow people to speak ill of Confucius, but would beat anyone who opened the mouth. From this moment on, no more unpleasant sound entered his ears, and the masses did not dare approach him. You should not ignore tradition Confucius. Our general policy is correct, but our methods are incorrect. There are enough problems with the current school system, curriculum, teaching methods and examination methods, and all this must be changed. Them! are all very destructive people.
XXX: Working with five years primary school.
CHAIRMAN MAO: teaching elementary school should not be for long, either. Gorky had only two years of elementary school their learning was all self taught. Franklin American was originally a newspaper, however, he discovered electricity. Watt was a worker, however, he invented the steam engine. Both in ancient and modern times in China and abroad, many scientists were trained in the course of practice.
XX: When the school system has been reformed in the future, students will be able to occupy a position to reach the age of twenty or twenty-four. Seven is an age late for the start of school, we can present to six. There is a problem with buildings, but primary school is changed to five years, we can dispense with some. Then four years of middle school, and one or two years of college preparatory course. Given the different nature of the various courses at the university, you can diversify and take in 140,000 or 150,000 students each year for a one or a two-year preparatory course.
XXX: Before entering college, which can take off a point and go to work in a factory or a village.
CHAIRMAN MAO: You can also go to the army for training.
XX: This is good as regards literary subjects, but physics is not the problem of the use of mathematics, and if they work for two years might forget.
XX: The Soviet Union working for two years after graduating from middle school, and then enter the faculties of physics and chemistry, provided that no take them directly.
XX: With the exception of some special schools, the universities are divided into three lengths of course: six years, mostly for medical five years of engineering and four years for literary themes. In most cases of university courses, four years is enough. In the future, the system should be diversified, you must have different course lengths. In cities, there must be two types of middle schools, a university leader, and another where students graduate in two years, after which they begin specialist training.
right of Chairman Mao: That is, we must diversify.
XX: The main problem with the curriculum is the lack of centralization, and there are the problems we have studied in recent times, many a diverse range of topics, each semester there are eight or nine subjects to study, there are many tests, and this creates a great tension.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Today, first, there are too many classes, Secondly, there are too many books. The pressure is too great. Some issues need not be examined. For example, there is little need to examine the logic and grammar learned in middle school. True understanding should be acquired gradually through experience at work. It's enough to know what logic and grammar are.
XX: Today everything is sit mechanical memorization and recitation.
XXX: There are two schools of thought today. One school advocates the teaching of subjects in depth, while the other defenders who taught broadly to teaching how to master the issues, but teaching a little less. Currently, many schools follow the pattern first, but is not it true that this will not work. As an advocate for doing things this way petrify thought.
CHAIRMAN MAO: This is scholasticism. Annotations on the Four Books and Five Classics are too school and today have become totally digestible. Scholastic must inevitably die. For example, the study of the classics were written very many comments, but have now disappeared. I think that students trained by this method, no matter whether it be in China, in America or the Soviet Union, all disappear, everything moves towards their opposites. The same applies to the Buddhist classics, of which there are many. The version of the Diamond Sutra by Hsuan-tsang published [36] of the T'ang dynasty was simplified comparatively, only a thousand-odd words, and still exists. Another version, published by Kumarajiva, [37] is too long, and is extinct. Is not the Five Classics Thirteen Classics and also reached the final of the street? They have been very heavily annotated, and as a result, no one reads. In the XIV and XV gave philosophy scholastic, and only in the seventeenth century, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries made [the world] to enter the era of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance take place. We should not read too many books. We read books on Marxism, but not many of them either. It will be sufficient to read a dozen or so. If we read too many, we can move towards our opposite converted library in mice, dogmatic, the revisionists. In the writings of Confucius, there is nothing in agriculture. Because of this, members of his pupils were not accustomed to work, and could not distinguish between the five grains. We must do something about it.
XXX: There is another issue, which is a political issue, that of student nutrition, which must be improved. Each student eat food cost 12.5 yuan per month. We spend another 40 million yuan.
CHAIRMAN MAO: It's OK to spend another 40 billion yuan.
XXX: We should increase from 2 to 4 Yuan [38].
CHAIRMAN MAO: If you read the books again, that petrify your mind in the end. Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty was pretty good in its early years, but after he read many books, and did so well any more. He died of hunger in T'ai Ch'eng [39].
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Notes
[1.] Spring Festival is the day of New Year in Chinese lunar calendar.
[2.] The term "democratic parties" refers often in the literature of CPC, especially in the united front work relates specifically to a small group of political parties which were made up largely of members of the national bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and patriotic democratic personages. "(These were distinguished from the" democratic personages without political affiliations. ") These political parties were not considered as the proletarian class identity or inherently inclined towards socialist revolution. However, they had been developed in the period of New Democratic Revolution, and to varying degrees of intensity, sided with the CCP in the struggle to achieve the transformation socialist China, and strengthen China's interests vis-à-vis the imperialist invasion. The institutions of 1949 and 1954 provides for the participation of "democratic characters, not affiliated with any party, in political life. The most famous of these was Sung Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen. Some of the non-Communist present forum in February 1964 fell into this category, other representatives of minority parties.
[3]. The Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Region was zone revolutionary base was gradually built up after 1931 by revolutionary guerrilla war in northern Shensi. When the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shensi after the Long March became the central core area of the revolution and the headquarters of the Communist Party Central Committee Chinese. He was named the Shensi-Kansu Ningsia Region after the formation of the Anti-Japanese National United Front in 1937, and included counties twenty-three along the common borders of the three provinces.
[4.] Measures "to restrict the activities of Alien Parties" are secretly issued by the authorities power of the Kuomintang in 1939. They imposed severe restrictions on all communist and progressive ideas, words and actions to disrupt the entire anti-Japanese organizations people. It also provides that in places where, according to the Kuomintang, the Communists were "more active, the" Law of collective responsibility and collective punishment "was to be enforced and an information network, or the Secret Service counter-revolutionary, was to be generally established within organizations Pao-chia. Chia Pao and were then the basic administrative units of the Fascist regime of the Kuomintang. Ten houses form a ten o'clock and chia chia pao.
[5]. Chang Shih-chao (1881-1973) had been active in the revolutionary movement as a journalist since the early twentieth century. It was evident that one of the non-party "personalities Mao democratic "headed in his opening speech.
[6]. On October 30, 1945 Kao Shu-hsun, deputy commander of Zone 11 of the Kuomintang War, rebelled in the civil war front Hanta, southern Hopei province, and came to our side with a body and a column. This had a great influence throughout the country. With the purpose of intensify work to divide and disintegrate the troops of the Kuomintang and arousing them to revolt, the Central Committee of Communist Party of China decided to launch a campaign propaganda urged other officials of the Kuomintang and the men to follow the example of Kao Shu-Hsun and his troops refused to attack the Liberated Areas, the sabotage of the war civilian front, fraternizing with the People's Liberation Army, an increase of the revolt and go to the people's side. This was known as the Shu-Hsun Kao movement. Considering Kao on it and smashed Kuomintang forces.
[7]. Both the Emperor Kuang Hsu (reigned 1875-1908) and his successor, Emperor Hsuan Tung had occupied the throne Mao's lifetime.
[8]. Tsai-T'ao had control of the imperial guards at the time of the 1911 revolution. He was considered during the past years of the dynasty, as one of the most liberal similar between imperial clan members.
[9]. On December 24, 1946, Shen Chung, girl student University in Peiping, was raped by an American sailor. This incident led to widespread anti-American demonstrations by students in many Chinese cities, and demands for the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. forces Military.
[10.] In 1964, Mao launched the slogan "In the industry learn from Tach'ing, in agriculture Tachai learn ', and since then both have been generally considered as "Maoists" models. Here Mao credits Ministry Oil with the achievements of Tach'ing oil fields in the province of Heilungkiang.
[11.] Kuan Yu (also known as Kuan Kung, the god of war) and Chang Fei were the two main partners of weapons of Liu Pei, the founder of the Shu Han dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period d in the third century AD In the Romance Three Kingdoms, the famous novel is described as wielding the weapons described here. Huang Chung, Chao [Yun], Ma and [His] were the three remaining Liu Pei "'Five Tiger General. Although Liu Pei, like its two rivals, claimed to be the legitimate ruler of the empire, the territory now controlled by it was mostly that of Kingdom of Shu, the current focus on Szechuan, where Mao and his comrades were gathered.
[12.] Nanchang, capital of the province of Kiangsi, was the scene of the famous lifting the August 1, 1927 led by the Communist Party of China to combat counter-Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei and continue the revolution of 1924-1927. More thirty thousand soldiers participated in the uprising which was led by Chou En-iai comrades, Chu Teh, Ting Ho Lung, and Yell. The insurrectionary army withdrew from Nanchang on August 5 as planned, but suffered a defeat when approaching Chaochow and Swatow in Kwangtung Province. Led by Comrades Chu and Chen Yi, part of troops then made their way to the mountains Chingkang and joined forces with the First Division of the first workers 'and peasants' revolutionary army under Comrade Mao Tse-tung.
[13.] Yuan Shi-kai was the head of the Northern warlords in recent years of the Ching dynasty. After the Ching Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911, usurped the Presidency of the Republic and organized the first government of the Northern warlords, which represented the major landowners and big comprador classes. He did it by relying on counter-revolutionary armed force and with the support of the imperialists and taking advantage of the conciliatory nature of the bourgeoisie, who was then leader of the revolution. In 1915 he wanted to become emperor, to win the support of the Japanese imperialists Twenty agreed to demands Japan managed to obtain exclusive control of all China. In December the same year an uprising against his assumption to the throne took place in the province of Yunnan and quickly won the national response and support. Yuan Shi-kai died in Beijing in June 1916.
[14.] Huang Yen-P'ei, an advocate of vocational education American style, was a prominent figure in the Democratic Republic League during the civil war of 1944-9, and was Minister of Light Industry from 1949 to 1954. In 1964, was President of the China Democratic National Construction Association, besides being a member of the Standing Committee of the Democratic League.
[15.] In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen formed a small revolutionary organization in Honolulu called Hsing Chung Hui (Society for Regenerating China). With the support of companies secret among the people, he staged two armed insurrections in the province of Kwangtung against the Ching government after its defeat in the Sino-Japanese war in 1895, one in Canton in 1895 and one in Huichow in 1900.
Tung Meng Hui, or Chinese Revolutionary League (an organization of the united front of the bourgeoisie, the small bourgeoisie and a section of the landed gentry opposed to the Ching government), was formed in 1905 through the merger of the Hsing Chung Hui and two other groups, the Hua Hsing Hui (Society for Regenerating China) and Kuang Fu Hui (Society to break the yoke of Foreign Affairs). It presented a program defending the bourgeois revolution "The expulsion of the Tartars (Manchu), the recovery of China, the establishment of a republic and the equalization of land ownership." In the period of the Revolutionary League of China, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, allying with the secret societies and a part of the New Army Ching government, launched a series of armed uprisings against the Ching regime, particularly those in Pinghsiang (Kiangsi Province), Liuyang and Liling (Human Province) in 1906, Chaochow Huangkang and Chinchow (Kwangtung Province), and Chennankuan (Kwangsi Province) in 1907, Hokou (Yunnan Province), in 1908 and in Canton in 1911. The latter was followed together by the same Wuchnag Uprising that led to the overthrow of the Ching Dynasty.
[16.] Old Chen "seems to be Chen Shu-t'ung, President China Federation of Industry and Trade since 1953. Both "Old Huang" and "Old Chen were so" democratic personages, who had worked with the new regime since 1949.
[17.] The "Second Revolution, was the attempt in 1913 by forces under the leadership of Ts'ai Ao, to overthrow Yuan Shih-kai and stop the removal of genuine Republicanism toward a restoration of the monarchy. Moreover, the government of Chang Shih-chao was minister in 1925 was that of the warlord-dominated regime in Beijing, Mao deliberately mentions these two contrasting episodes in the life of Chang Shih-chao, in order to evoke the variety of experiences through which his generation has gone in search an answer to the problems of China.
[18.] Hsu Te-heng (1895 -) was a student leader during the May Fourth Movement. He has been President of the Chiu-san (September Third) Society are listed below by Mao, since its foundation in 1945. (The Society, named after the Japanese surrender date, is one of the minority parties involved in the united front). The "industrial Ministry" Mao the question here at the Ministry of Aquatic Products, which Hsu had since 1956.
[19.] The Association for the Promotion of Democracy was another minority party, originally founded in Shanghai in 1945, which consists mainly of intellectuals in their ranks.
[20.] Kuo Tzu-i (697-781), a famous general of the T'ang dynasty, had eight children and seven sons, his grandchildren and great grandchildren are reported to have been so numerous that he could not recognize, and had to be content with reverence when they came to pay their respects.
[21]. Chin-shih, a candidate for the highest level ("Metropolitan" followed by "palace") examinations, in accordance with the approved test system autocractic dynasties of China. It was a method used by the feudal ruling class recruitment to govern the people and to attract the intellectuals. The system, which dates from the seventh century until the beginning of the 20th century. Han-lin, a member of the Han-lin Academy, that became from Ming times the exclusive domain of those that had achieved a special distinction in the examinations of the palace.
[22.] Han Yu (768-824) and Liu Tsung-ynan (773-819) were friends and contemporaries, distinguished poets and essayists who experienced both periods of exile in the course of their official careers. Han Yu is regarded primarily as one of the greatest prose writers in the history of China, as a student in Changsha, Mao taught to take it as a model in drafting test.
[23.] Wang Shih-fu and Kuan Han-ch'ing is celebrated playwrights of the Yuan Dynasty, which flourished towards the end of the thirteenth century. Wang is the author of History of the Western Chamber.
[24.] The Kuan-chung (14th century AD) was the author of the Romance of Three Kingdoms, the historical novel. Pu Sung-ling (born 1622) is known for a famous collection of tales of the supernatural.
[25.] Hsiu-Ts'ai, literal tests "grown talent ', name popular for a candidate with the least or the prefecture, more correctly known as Shen-yuan or "licensed." Although "received the promotion ' Please imperial higher degree range, failed to pass the next higher stage in the proper review system, review of province, and therefore did not obtain the corresponding title chu-jen ("selected the man"), or the opportunity to sit the examination metropolitan.
[26.] Ming Tai-tsu, the founder of the dynasty, reigned from 1368-1399, Ch'eng-tsu, the third emperor of the dynasty, reigned from 1403-1425. The Chia-ch'ing reign lasted from 1522 until 1567.
[27.] Han Wu Ti, the emperor "Marcial" of the Han dynasty, reigned 140-86 a. C.
[28.] Liu Hsiu (4 BC-57) overthrew the usurper Wang Mang in 25 and founded the Later Han Dynasty (or Eastern Han) dynasty. Liu Pang (247-195 BC), founded the original Han Dynasty in the year 206 BC
[29.] The character shu reading can be a noun, ie, book or written document (in this case, a book of history) or a verb meaning to write, especially in the sense of writing a fine hand. Normally the list of six subjects Confucius or the arts, is taken in the sense of calligraphy.
[30.] The Shu Ching ("Classical History") is one of the "'Thirteen Classics, with the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Odes, etc. is the Shu Han standard history of the Han Dynasty
[31.] "Walking on" two legs was one of the main slogans of the Great Leap Forward of 1958-9. Was used primarily with reference to economic development, to characterize a policy that combines modern technology on a large scale and use of small-scale indigenous methods. It is used here to suggest a similar approach to education, combing the schools (mainly in cities) with modern equipment and a curriculum developed with the most simple and basic education schools adapted to the needs and possibilities in the field.
[32.] XXX, whoever offers another defense only good-hearted of the "Great Leap" policies: the degradation of the experience, he says, although useful as a corrective to the technocratic attitudes Soviet-style prevalent before, has gone too far, and would have led to the lamentable results of the pendulum had not moved again. Their contracts emphasis sharply with that of Comrade Mao Tse-tung in the next paragraph.
[33.] Li Shih-chen (1518-1598) was the author of Pen'ts'ao kang mu (Index of roots and herbs), a treaty sales over 1,000 useful plants for medicinal purposes.
[34.] A tenth-century mathematician.
[35.] A stringed instrument similar to a lute; ability to play was part of the general culture of the literati expected.
[36.] On his return to China in 645, after a sixteen-year pilgrimage to India, where he brought a number of Buddhist scriptures, the monk Huan-tsang (602-64) presided over the translation of not less of 1,338 chapters throughout the remaining years of his fife.
[37.] Kumarajiva (350-413), a Buddhist scholar who had studied in Kashmir, was brought to the imperial capital of Ch'ang-an in 401, and put in charge of the translation of Buddhist scriptures. These versions, the best of their time, were subsequently overtaken by the "new translations" of Hsuan-tsang and his successors, not its length, but because they were not accurate enough.
[38.] Obviously, The figure of 40 billion yuan refers to the total annual bill for subsistence, while the number of 2-4 yuan indicates a corresponding increase in the monthly amount per student. According to best estimates, there were, at this time, approximately three quarters of a million students in Chinese institutions of higher education. Thus, the two figures are more or less coherent.
[39.] Hsiao yen (464-549) occupied Nanking in 501 and was proclaimed the first emperor of the Liang dynasty in the year next. A student of Buddhism and lover of books, was unable to implement their good intentions through the reform of the administration. When T'ai Ch'eng fell to a rebel ally in 549, was allowed to die of hunger and despair in a monastery which had been withdrawn.
About the Author
Cesar Millan: The Child Whisperer
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